No 2(25) (2024)

The paper considers the issue of creating a low-thrust liquid rocket engine * (LRE) for an ultralight rocket designed to launch objects into a suborbital orbit.

As a fuel composition, it is proposed to use a promising fuel pair – nitrous oxide and kerosene.

Calculations of fuel and oxidizer injectors made it possible to develop the design of the liquid propellant nozzle head, and thermodynamic calculations made it possible to obtain the dimensions and profile of the combustion chamber and nozzle. The calculations carried out made it possible to develop the design of an experimental LRE and create its 3-D model using the Siemens NX automated modeling system.

The topic of this paper is forest fires and ways of fighting them using drones. The paper describes the causes of forest fires and the damage they cause to the environment. The increase in the number and scale of fires in different parts of the world in recent years is also discussed. Much attention is given to modern unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), their advantages and ways of application in various areas. The high efficiency of fire extinguishing when fighting forest fires by using unmanned aerial vehicles is also emphasized. The article reports on the creation of a UAVs fire fighting system. All its components and the method of their interaction have been analyzed in detail. The most suitable drones in terms of parameters have been found and patrol routes have been calculated for various methods of using the presented system.

The actual problem of accurately determining the direction to the north point in conditions of the
unvisability of the Celestial Pole is considered in present paper. Its solution is fundamentally necessary
for the correct operation of mobile mounts of amateur-level telescopes without automatic guiding. The
brief overview of the main concepts of spherical astronomy and properties of the modern magnetic
field of the Earth is represented here to solve this problem. Two alternative methods are presented for
calculating the correction A to determine the azimuth of the North point using a magnetic compass:
using the vector method and spherical geometry tools. A comparative analysis of the advantages and
disadvantages of the above methods has been performed. A numerical analysis of the obtained results
was performed. 2D and 3D graphs of the dependencies of the studied quantities are presented. It is
shown that in most of space of the possible values of geographical coordinates the correction module
|A| is a smoothly varying function and takes values O(10◦÷20◦). In the vicinity of the meridians of the
geomagnetic poles, between geographical and geomagnetic poles, sharp changes in the correction value
are observed with a difference of 360◦. The values of A correction were calculated for 16 million-plus
cities in the Russian Federation. It is shown that the correction values are significant and must be taken
into account for the correct orientation in space of an amateur-level telescope mount using a compass
in astronomical observations.

This work continues a series of four articles, which are a brief excursion into the history cosmology and
cosmogony of the Solar System, covering the time scale – from the most ancient times up to the present
day. The release of this cycle is dedicated to the 135-th anniversary of the birth of the world-famous Russian
scientist Fridman A. A., the founder of modern physical cosmology and the author of the first non-stationary
model of the Universe. This article is devoted to an overview of the most significant examples of cosmogonic
models of the Solar System (SS) of the XVIII-XXI centuries. In particular, the first nebular model of the
origin and evolution of the SS by Kant is considered. Its strengths and weaknesses, and the key ideas
embodied in modern cosmogonic models are noted. The nebular models of the hot primary nebula of Laplace
and the vortex SS of Faye are also presented. The work also pays attention to catastrophic models of the
origin and evolution of the SS: the planetesimal model of Moulton and Chamberlin, the tidal model of Jeans
and Jeffreys. Using modern astrophysical data, the main shortcomings of these models are clearly indicated,
and their unrealisticness is substantiated. A separate paragraph is devoted to the modern model of the
origin and evolution of the SS up to the present day. In particular, the chronology of the main stages of
the SS evolution in the past is presented. It also considers the current trends in the possible future of the
SS and its composition. The final part of the work presents brief conclusions in the form of an epilogue.

In a chronic experiment, the influence of hypothyroidism developing in the prepubertal period on the formation of sexual cycles and the onset of puberty was studied. It has been established that hypothyroidism affects the hormonal function of the ovaries and has an antiestrogenic effect. Hypothyroidism does not affect the formation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

This work demonstrates the effect of 1H-benzimidazole-2-yl-methanol on the functional activity of the rat heart as a possible candidate for the role of a drug for the pharmacological correction of various disorders in the cardiovascular system. The object of the study were 18 non-linear sexually mature male rats weighing 150-250 g, anesthetized with urethane. The animals were divided into 3 experimental groups of 6 individuals each. The main parameters of the rat ECG were studied, such as the duration of the P wave, the intervals P-Q, Q-T, R-R, the QRS complex, as well as the heart rate. The nature of the changes observed in this work can be explained by the predominance of the negative chronotropic effect in the action of the substance proposed for study, which can be useful in the treatment of tachycardia.

The aim of the work in this article is the influence of the left amygdala complex on anxiety, exploratory and motor activity of rats in the ‘Open Field’ test-system.

Our research was carried out on 10 sexually mature female rats. The animals were divided into two groups: experimental and control, 5 individuals in each and placed in different cages. In the first stage, water in drinkers was replaced with 5% alcohol solution by free access. In the second stage, amygdalectomy surgery was performed on the experimental group. At the time of preference registration, the animals were given 2 drinkers each for 1 week: with water and 5% alcohol solution also with free choice.

The obtained results indicate that the rats of the experimental group after amygdalectomy showed greater motor and exploratory activity and showed the least anxiety compared to the control group. This difference was clearly seen at week 4, when the animals of both groups of rats were given drinkers with water and alcohol with free access.

Thus, in animals with destroyed left amygdaloid complex, exploratory and motor activity increased, and the manifestation of anxiety was not noted. This is due to changes in the metabolism of dopamine and serotonin in the destroyed amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Given the function of serotonin in regulating impulsive behaviour, and dopamine with positive reinforcement, it is likely that the destruction of the amygdala has disrupted the regulation of these two neurotransmitters in the prefrontal cortex, which affects the nigrostriatal pathway. This pathway, which affects motor activity by stimulating it, as well as cognition, reward, and dependence processes. 

This work demonstrates the results of experiments in which the effect of1-((4-nitrophenyl)sulfonyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole on the functional state of the heart of rats was studied. Such basic parameters of the rat ECG were studied as the duration of the P wave, P-Q, Q-T, R-R intervals, the QRS complex, as well as heart rate.

This work traces the development of journalism in the zone of armed conflict in various forms, describes the growing influence and prestige of the profession of a war correspondent, and provides examples of the use of various audiovisual techniques in documentaries and their role in the construction of the drama of the work.

This study demonstrated a significant superiority of modern text processing methods over classical approaches previously used. By analyzing and annotating data collected from a social network, the preparation of the initial dataset was carried out, based on which a neural network was trained. The training process included not only adjusting the network parameters but also optimizing it to achieve maximum accuracy in classifying texts by the types of published content. Subsequently, thorough testing of the trained model was conducted to assess its accuracy and reliability in real-world conditions. The obtained results confirmed the high efficiency and accuracy of the proposed approach. This enables the classification of text published on social networks according to various content themes, which is of great importance for analyzing and understanding information flows on the modern internet.

The article is devoted to the identification of the value system of philology students as a special youth subculture, presented in the novel "The Secret History" by the modern American writer Donna Tartt. The lexical and grammatical aspects of characters’ speech utterances, both dialogical and monological, were analyzed to establish their value apparatus. According to the results of the linguoaxiological interpretation, 6 groups of values were identified, the presence of each was illustrated by examples from the literary text. Values were also systematized according to the principle of their belonging to the nuclear or peripheral zone of the linguoaxiosphere. The value status of the isolation of the studied subculture, the presence of a role model, intelligence, appearance, aesthetics and leisure were proved.

This article is devoted to the analysis of the hero system in D. Wasserman's drama "Flying over the Cuckoo's Nest". The author of the article argues that the basis of the system of heroes of the drama is a socio-philosophical problem: the idea of the structure of society. Rebel heroes: Randle Patrick McMurphy and Chief Bromden, are opposed to a unitary, mechanical, impersonal society; they have their own philosophical ideas about freedom, highly value individuality, human independence from society. They are opposed by Sister Ratched, who is convinced that in an ideal society, a person must be part of the system, must comply with established standards of thinking and behavior. Deviation from the norm is perceived as a threat to the existence of the social system. According to the author, the character system in the play reflects the existential perception of society as a "prison" that limits individual personality qualities, suppresses human will and adjusts it to the standards of society.

The article proposes a method for solving the second–order direct Sturm–Liouville problem with Dirichlet boundary conditions on a finite interval, and an algorithm for this method based on dichotomy and Runge–Kutta methods is formulated. An algorithm based on the method of spectral mappings has been developed for the inverse Sturm–Liouville problem of the second order with similar boundary conditions and interval. For both tasks, programs were developed that implement the generated algorithms, and numerical experiments were conducted to solve test problems to demonstrate the correctness of the developed programs. The results showed that the solutions are consistent with analytical and asymptotic ones. Therefore, these algorithms can be used to solve direct and inverse problems.

In this work, the spectral characteristics of the Sturm-Liouville operator on a star graph with four vertices and three edges have been studied. The boundary conditions in the vertices have been set to be of the Dirichlet-Neumann type. A theorem on the asymptotics of the eigenvalues of the considered operator has been proved. It states that the operator has a countable set of eigenvalues. Moreover, these eigenvalues can be numbered so that they satisfy asymptotic formulas. A numerical method for finding the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the operator has been developed. A computational experiment has been conducted that demonstrates the correctness of the developed numerical methods and shows the fulfillment of the proved asymptotic formulas.

This article presents the stages of developing a model for an intelligent manufacturing cell designed for milling impellers of small gas turbine engines (SGTE) using the R-Pro software. Two models were created: one for large-scale production (10,000 parts per year) and another for small-scale production (500 parts per year). The logistics, equipment selection, and robot control program that ensure the automation of the manufacturing process are described. The analysis of the efficiency of the proposed models confirms their suitability for further design and implementation in real production.
The simulation results demonstrate the potential for significantly increasing productivity and reducing costs, making the proposed solutions promising for application in modern industry.

In this paper, it is confirmed that in the current conditions of the school education program, the linguistic consciousness of high school students is formed at an insufficiently high level and the introduction of new technologies for teaching a foreign language is required to solve this problem. Having analyzed the psychological and pedagogical features of the development of high school age, we were convinced that it is during this period of personality development that language consciousness can be most effectively formed. We have developed a technology for the formation of linguistic consciousness based on song material in a foreign language and conducted an experiment to introduce this technology into the process of teaching a foreign language in secondary school. In this paper, the effectiveness of our technology for the formation of linguistic consciousness based on song material in a foreign language is proved due to experimental work carried out on the basis of MBOU Secondary School No. 124 in Samara with students of class 10A.

The article is devoted to the analysis of research of a promising method of correction of psycho-emotional state based on the effect of odors on the limbic system of a person. The article reviews the works of domestic and foreign scientists, which confirm the promising method. The degree of study of the indicated problems in the works devoted to methods of correction of psycho-emotional states in the process of didactic adaptation of students, including aromatherapeutic methods, is considered. Studies devoted to the methods of correction of psycho-emotional state in psycho-pedagogical practice are given.  The directions of special researches concerning the perspectives of development of olfaktotherapy method as a tool in psychological and pedagogical methods are defined.

This article presents the results of an empirical study aimed at identifying the level of expression of the components of authenticity and psychological mindedness of people with eating disorders.  Three techniques were used to conduct it: ‘Kernis-Goldman Authenticity Inventory (AI-3), Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26), Psychological Mindedness Scale (PMS). Using pairwise analysis, differences between groups of normotypic respondents and individuals suffering from eating disorders were identified. Using the cluster analysis method, respondents were divided into groups with low mean and high scores on the eating disorder scale relative to the sample. Individuals with an eating disorder were found to differ from the normotypic sample in their reduced willingness to talk about one`s problems, low openness to new ideas and inauthentic behaviour. A regression model was used to identify predictors of high scores on the Eating Disorder Rating Scale.

The article discusses the theoretical aspects of the means of activating the resources of adolescents. The results of a study of the means of activating the resources of adolescents in the activities of youth organizations are presented.

This scientific work is devoted to the study of the luminescent properties of semiconductor materials for the development of optoelectronic devices. The article examines oxidized porous silicon obtained by the method of electrochemical etching, doped with erbium and ytterbium ions. The review part of the work covers the main publications devoted to the development of efficient luminescence of porous silicon doped with rare earth metals. A structural and morphological analysis of the obtained samples, including experimental processing by methods of scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy with various technological parameters, was carried out. The research results can be used to develop a method for the production of photoelectric converters based on silicon for use in optoelectronics.

This paper presents the main results of an experimental study of the influence of alloying impurities (Zn and Mg) and a constant magnetic field of 557.0 kA/m on the microstructure and microhardness of the technical aluminum alloy V95pch and model aluminum alloys Al-Zn and Al-Zn-Mg. It has been established that the application of a constant magnetic field lasting 4 hours at an aging temperature of 140 °C to the aging process of aluminum alloy V95pch leads to an increase in the microhardness of the alloy up to 21%, and a negative magnetoplastic effect is observed. However, in the model alloy Al-Zn-Mg, the magnetoplastic effect is practically not manifested, all microhardness values are within the measurement error. The undoubted role of alloying impurities in the process of phase formation and creation of metal alloys with the required set of structural properties has been discovered.

This article studies the complex formation of three β-blockers with (2-hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) in aqueous solutions using spectrophotometry and capillary electrophoresis. It was established that bisoprolol forms complexes with HP-β-CD with a stoichiometry of 1:1, while a stoichiometry of 2:1 was established for metoprolol and atenalol. The electrophoretic mobility of the compounds under study in the presence of a macrocycle was studied. Based on the data of an electrophoretic experiment, the binding constant of bisoprolol with HP-β-CD in an aqueous solution was calculated, and the formation of a stable complex was shown.

This article deals with the recent achievements in application of perovskite quantum dots for sensing of heavy metal ions. Methods using these nanoparticles for analyzing mercury, copper, iron and lead ions analyzed and systematized. Main mechanisms of interaction between target ions and nanoparticles are highlighted. The possibilities of using perovskite quantum dots for fluorescent analysis of heavy metals are assessed and possible directions of research in this area are proposed.

In this article there is an analysis of international cooperation of Gorky automotive plant in the 21st century, which is very interesting concerning the variety of foreign partners, products and other international and economic aspects. Despite the fact that foreign cooperation was a really good perspective for the development of passenger cars production on GAZ, it did not save this sphere from crisis. In the text there are the most brilliant cases of international cooperation for Gorky plant in the 2000s and the assessment of their results. 

This article examines the institution of the public prosecutor's refusal to charge. The problems of refusal of the charge are analyzed, namely, the lack of criteria for the grounds for refusal of the state charge, the absence of a written motivated public prosecutor in case of refusal of the charge. The author offers ideas for the modernization of the criminal procedure law.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of obtaining biometric personal data as samples for comparative research. The article compares the relevant provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, the Code of Criminal Procedure of Canada, the Code of Criminal Procedure of Norway and the Code of Criminal Procedure of Germany. Based on the analysis of the provisions of the laws on obtaining samples for comparative research in the Russian Federation, Canada, Norway and the Federal Republic of Germany, the author concludes that the issue of compulsory method of obtaining biometric personal data as samples for comparative research is not regulated in the domestic process. In some cases, in order to achieve the goals of investigating crimes, obtaining samples for comparative research may be forced, as stated by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in its definitions. According to the legislation of Canada and Germany, it is also possible to obtain samples for comparative research against the will of a person, if this meets the objectives of the investigation. According to Norwegian legislation, obtaining samples for comparative research is not forcibly fixed and, accordingly, is not regulated. Through a systematic analysis of the current Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation and the positions of the highest courts of the country, the author came to the conclusion about the possibility of forcibly withdrawing biometric personal data as samples for research. The purpose of the article is to establish the possibility of compulsory withdrawal of biometric personal data as samples for research. The author proposes to explain in more detail the procedure for collecting biometric personal data, to establish a more complete procedure and rules for the use of violent actions to collect biometric personal data, specified in Article 202 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation.

This work is devoted to the analysis of the essence and system of obligations in Roman law. Roman lawyers associated the nature of the obligation with the presence of "legal shackles", that is, a special connection between the subjects of the obligation relationship, by virtue of which the debtor ceases to be free for a certain time. In the doctrine of Roman law, the essence of an obligation is considered from various aspects: as an "action", as a "debt bond", as an "action related to a part of property" or as a "provision". The following signs of commitment are formulated: lack of dominance over the subject; the conditionality of the personal relationship between the creditor and the debtor, and not the relationship to the property; the completion of the obligation only after the debtor performs a certain action or provides the property to the creditor. It is concluded that the essence of the obligation lies in the legal relationship between the creditor and the debtor, by virtue of which the debtor is obliged to perform certain actions or refrain from them. The classifications of obligations in Roman law are given and such types of obligations as definite obligations and indefinite obligations are named; divisible and indivisible obligations; contractual obligations, non-contractual obligations, obligations from tort and obligations "as if from tort"; obligations with claims and obligations without claims.

The article examines the functioning of metaphors in the artistic language of A. Platonov. The novel «Chevengur» was chosen as the object of analysis - a work that literary critics consider to be the "only completed novel" by A. Platonov and is considered one of his most significant works. During the analysis, it was found out that the author creates a whole system of diverse and interesting metaphorical images, the analysis of which allows us to see the most important features of the author's worldview and philosophical perception of reality. In general, it can be argued that the analyzed figurative units, by their semantics and form, contribute to the dynamism of the world described in the novel, its being in constant motion, change, and allow drawing attention to its characteristic features.

The article is dedicated to the study of the specifics of realia as one of the main means of creating an artistic space of the dystopian world. This topic is addressed due to high popularity of dystopian literature, which is closely related to social issues. Such books depict possible scenarios of the humanity future, which makes modern people think about the problems of interaction between man and society, as well as man and scientific and technological progress. The original text «The Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials» by J. Dashner was used as an empirical basis for the research. As a result, semantic classification of realia was carried out. The selected realia were divided into 5 groups: onomastic, domestic, geographical, realia of nature and the ones denoting the administrative structure of the state. In addition, artistic potential of realia as a tool for creating a fictional post-apocalyptic world was revealed. The conclusion about the role of various groups of realia in creating an authentic artistic space was made.

The article is devoted to the analysis of thoughts about love of the heroes of E. M. Remarque’s novels “Three Comrades” and “Arc de Triomphe”. Reflections on love are considered as fragments of the discourse of love. Fragments of reflections on love obtained using the continuous sampling method are analyzed at the thematic, lexical-syntactic, grammatical and stylistic levels. The thematic classification of reflections is carried out taking into account the situational context, reflections and analysis of the hero’s own feelings are identified; thoughts about lovers; philosophical reflections on love in general; reflections caused by impressions from the contemplation of beloved; thoughts about the future of love relationships. The consideration of extralinguistic context in the perception of love by the characters is integrated.

This article is a study of the patterns of formation and functioning of impersonal structures in the ontogenesis of a child's speech ability. It is established that all the main types of impersonal sentences are formed in children at the early stages of linguistic and cognitive development – at the age of 2 to 3 years. It was found that the first sentences to appear in children's speech denoting the state of the environment and a living being, as well as constructions with modal semantics of necessity. A little later, sentences appear in children's speech denoting the action of natural forces and particular types of modal assessment of action – pragmatic, perceptual, emotional, ethical assessment, which are based not only on personal, empirical, but also collective, social experience. The impersonal constructions we have considered reflect the peculiarities of children's thinking: expressivity, affectivity, egocentrism, animism. The early emergence and active use of impersonal sentences confirm the relevance of these syntactic models for everyday communication and their universality for denoting an action or feature regardless of its subject.

This research examines American youth slang and its role in English culture, as well as its influence on the younger generation. The selection and analysis of slang units is based on the material of popular TV series in American culture, such as: “Ginny and Georgia”, “13 Reasons Why”, “Euphoria” and “Never Have I Ever...”. The methodology for selecting series includes criteria of popularity, demographic focus, relevance and genre diversity. The analyzed examples demonstrate the role of slang in conveying the nuances of the emotional states of characters and social dynamics in teenage groups. The results of the study highlight the central role of youth slang in shaping and reflecting cultural and social changes, as well as its significance as a communicative tool and cultural artifact.